Temporal and geographical variations of mercury and selenium in eggs of Larus michahellis and Larus audouinii from central Mediterranean islands

In this study, we determined mercury and selenium levels in abandoned unhatched eggs of the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) and Audouin’s gull (Larus audouinii) collected during 2004–2005 from the Tuscan archipelago and Sardinia (Italy). The different feeding habits of the two species probably determine the different uptakes of trace elements, as the study shows highly significant differences for selenium and mercury levels as well as shell thickness and Hg:Se molar ratio values. Audouin’s gulls nesting on the coasts of the Tuscan archipelago showed significantly higher selenium levels than did gulls from colonies from the islands around Sardinia. Comparisons with a similar investigation previously conducted in the same area suggested that mercury and selenium concentrations, although in line with reports in the literature, were significantly lower than levels encountered in gulls in the early 1980s. Mercury (mg/kg d.w.) dropped from 8.631 to 5.030 in Audouin’s gulls and from 2.509 to 0.828 in yellow-legged gulls. The regional decline in mercury levels following reduced use of the metal in industry and the probable food depletion effects linked to the overfishing of fish prey of these two gull species are discussed as hypotheses that could explain the decrease in mercury levels found in eggs.     

夏季东海挥发性硫化物的空间分布与释放通量研究

挥发性硫化物（volatile sulfur compounds,VSCs）是大气中一类重要的痕量活性气体,对全球硫循环和气候变化有着重要的影响.于2018年6—7月运用冷阱捕集气相色谱和气-质联用法测定了东海海水与大气中3种重要的VSCs即羰基硫（carbonyl sulfide,COS）、二甲基硫（dimethyl sulfide,DMS）、二硫化碳（carbon disulfide,CS₂）的浓度,分析了其与相关环境因子的相关性,并估算了它们的海-气通量.研究结果表明,夏季东海表层海水中COS、DMS和CS₂的浓度平均值分别为（0.47±0.33）、（4.46±4.52）和（0.13±0.07） nmol·L^-1,海水中COS和CS₂的高值区出现在长江口附近海域,DMS在东海南部海域的浓度远低于北部海域.大气中COS、DMS和CS₂的浓度平均值分别为（564.0±37.5）×10^-12、（70.7±83.5）×10^-12和（177.6±232.3）×10^-12（以体积分数计）,COS分布均匀,CS₂的分布呈现近岸高远海低的特点,而DMS的分布受海-气扩散的影响.相关性分析表明,夏季东海海水中COS和CS₂与海水中的营养盐存在正相关关系,这可能是因为营养盐能促进浮游植物生长,而浮游植物生长过程中能释放COS和CS₂的前体进入水体,从而促进COS和CS₂的生产.此外,夏季东海中COS、DMS和CS₂的海-气通量平均值为（1.05±1.13）、（9.21±9.49）和（0.24±0.22）μmol·m^-2·d^-1,表明夏季东海是大气中3种VSCs的源.     

渤海氮磷营养盐的循环和收支

近年来无机氮与活性磷酸盐已成为渤海主要的污染物质.为了解氮、磷营养盐的循环规律,建立了一个生物、物理耦合的三维生态模型,模拟了渤海氮磷营养盐循环,估算了它们的收支情况.渤海营养盐浓度从春季到夏季下降,秋季到冬季上升,4～9月为消耗期,10～3月为补充期.磷酸盐冬季最高值位于渤海湾,辽东湾西北部全年都维持了比较高的浓度;无机氮的高值区始终位于莱州湾黄河口附近.光合作用和呼吸作用是营养盐最大的源和汇,碎屑的矿化可以补充光合作用消耗的营养盐的30%.河流输入每年可以补充P 0.55×10³t和N 52.7×10³t.     

海平面升高与水土流失

从中国实际出发,并结合全球水汽循环及水力作用,指出水土流失也是引起海平面升高的一个重要因素。同时,提出了生态保护对策与建议。     

黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体中重金属残留量水平

以1990年7月～12月中国黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体内重金属分析数据为基础,探讨了黄渤海沿岸主要经济贝类体中5种重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr）含量水平及污染特征。其调查结果表明：目前只有铜未超过双壳类软体动物评价标准。重金属残留量平均水平为黄海沿岸大于渤海沿岸。不同种类双壳类软体动物对５种重金属富集能力存在着差异,牡蛎对铜、锌的富集能力比其他贝类高40～100倍,毛蚶对镉、铬的富集能力比其他贝类高5～58倍。此沿岸的紫贻贝、牡蛎、文蛤、毛蚶等可作海洋污染生物指示种。     

Status of Southeast Asia's marine sharks and rays

In Southeast Asia, elasmobranchs are particularly threatened. We synthesized knowledge from the peer-reviewed and gray literature on elasmobranchs in the region, including their fisheries, status, trade, biology, and management. We found that 59% of assessed species are threatened with extinction and 72.5% are in decline; rays were more threatened than sharks. Research and conservation is complicated by the socioeconomic contexts of the countries, geopolitical issues in the South China Sea, and the overcapacity and multispecies nature of fisheries that incidentally capture elasmobranchs. The general paucity of data, funds, personnel, and enforcement hinders management. Reduced capacity in the general fishery sector and marine protected areas of sufficient size (for elasmobranchs and local enforcement capabilities) are among recommendations to strengthen conservation.     

厦门市气候特征变化与酸雨形成研究

对地面风场的研究表明，厦门存在局地和海陆风环流，自1955年以来年平均风速、混合层厚度均呈现下降趋势，大气污染物的水平和垂直扩散能力也呈下降趋势。降水酸度随海拔高度的变化情况表明，海陆风环流有利于酸性污染物的积累，且锋面降水过程中的光化学污染加重了降水的酸化程度。     

南黄海6.1级地震前热红外异常

从1996-11-09南黄海6.1级地震(震中位置31°50′N,123°06′E)的地震地质构造环境、临震卫星热红外异常与近地表大气增温异常等3方面进行研究。认为该震震前有较明显的热红外异常显示,并初步探讨了该区地震的临震近地表大气增温与卫星热红外异常的基本特征。     

江苏-南黄海地区断裂带附近的小震活动与主震的关系

通过对 1 970年以来 ,江苏南黄海地区的 9次ML>5 4中强地震发生前的中小震活动分析 ,发现该地区ML>5 4中强地震 (本文称为主震 )发生前 2～ 3年内均有一系列ML3 0左右中小地震发生 ,而且这些中小地震的空间分布与主震在同一断裂带上。根据断裂带上的中小震活动情况 ,运用地震活动性的有关分析方法 ,对未来地震进行外推 ,并进行检验。得出 ,可以将断裂带附近发生的一些ML3 0左右的小震 ,视为该断裂带上将要发生的主震